Media Violence in Childrens Lives Essay -- essays papers

Media Violence in Childrens Lives During the past decade, America has witnessed an alarming increase in the incidence of violence in the lives of children. On a daily basis, children in America ar victims of violence, as witnesses to crazy acts in their homes or communities, or as victims of abuse, neglect, or personal assault. The causes of violent behavior in society are complex and interrelated. Among the significant contributors are poverty, racism, unemployment, illegal drugs, inadequate or abusive parenting practices, and real-life adult models of violent problem-solving behavior. At the same time that there has been an increase in the number of reported violent acts directed at children, there has been an increase in the gist and severity of violent acts observed by children through the media, including television, movies, computer games, and videotapes, and an increase in the manufacture and distribution of weapon-like toys and other products directly linked to vi olent programming. In response, Governing Board appointed a panel of experts to guide the development of initiatives and resources to assist teachers and parents in confronting the issue of violence in the lives of children. This position statement addresses genius aspect of the proble -- media violence -- and is the depression in a series of projects the Association plans to address this important issue. We have chosen to address the issue of media violence first because, of all the sources and manifestations of violence in childrens lives, it is perhaps the most easily corrected. The media industry ought to serve the creation interest and ought to be subject to government regulation. The responsibility of adults and of public policy to protect children from unnecessary and potentially harmful exposure to violence through the media and to protect children from television content and advertising practices that exploit their special picture (Huston, Watkins, & Kunkel, 1989). Television and other media have the potential to be very effective educational tools for children. Research demonstrates that television viewing is a highly complex, cognitive activity, during which children are actively involved in learning (Anderson & Collins, 1988). Therefore, supports efforts to use media constructively to expand childrens knowledge and promote the development of positiv... ... Vol 1 Summary report. Washington, DC U.S. Government stamp Office.Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and imitation in children (C. Gattegno & F.M. Hodgson, Trans.). New York Norton. (Original work published 1951)Piaget, J. (1963). The origins of intelligence in children. (M. Cook, Trans.). New York Norton. (Original work published 1936)Rule, B., & Ferguson, T. (1986). The effects of media violence on attitudes, emotions and cognition. Journal of companionable Issues, 42, 29-50Simon, P. (1989, August 21)). Coming soon An act that should reduce television violence. Newsday.Singer, D., & Si nger, J. (1984). TV violence Whats all the fuss about? Television & Children, 7(2), 30-41.Singer, J.L., & Singer, D.G. (1986). Family experiences and television viewing as predictors of childrens imagination, restlessness, and aggression. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 107-124.Singer, J., Singer, D., & Rapaczynski, W. (1984). Journal of Communication, 34(2), 73-89.Tuscherer, P. (1988). TV interactive toys The new high tech threat to children. Bend, OR Pinnaroo Publishing.Van Dyck, N.B. (1983). Families and television. Television & Children, 6(3), 3-11.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

According to Stephen Covey an "Effective leader is one who is putting first things first. Effective management is discipline, carrying it out. In addition, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, effective means producing positive effects, and a leader is one who heads an organization. In Animal Farm, by George Orwell, cat sleep is the character who portrays these characteristics along with the trait of practicing utilitarianism. Therefore, catnap is an effective leader who increases the economy of Animal Farm and practices utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number.      One instance the Napoleon shows effectiveness is in the modal value he leads the economy of Animal Farm. This evident through Squealers facts about how production of every class of foodstuff is increasing by two one hundred per cent, three hundred per cent, or five hundred per cent(81). This is so because Napoleon balances the mechanics involving the running of the ec onomy producing positive effects for the farm. In addition, Napoleon leads the farm to produce the biggest harvest that the farm has ever seen... which proves even more the effectiveness of Napoleon (24). One more aspect of Napoleons effectiveness shows when Napoleons makes The farm more prosperous and better organized (113). Napoleons decisions on what Animal Farm should do prove to be effective transformation Napoleon an effective leader in the instance of producing desirable effects for the economy.     Another instance that outlines the effectiveness of Napoleon adduces its self in the orders he enforces. When Napoleon accepts a contract for four hundred eggs a week, the price of the eggs pays enough for grain and meal to keep the farm going till spend was clearly providing the best for the most amount of animals. By doing this, Napoleon harms only a small percentage of the animals while the majority derives. When the animals work like slaves for the wind mill this provides for the prospective betterment of the farm (54). Again, this is providing the greatest good for the greatest number because the building of the windmill will lead to easier lives for the animals of Animal Farm. These improvements of the farm are prime examples of utilitarianism because they benefit the future of Animal Farm.

Personal Narrative: My Experience in AP US History Essay -- Narrative

Your final exam impart be in three parts multiple choice, primary source analysis, and three study essays. I wont be allowed within 2 miles of you when you take the exam. The words of Mr. F, my AP US History teacher, reverberated between my ear drums. He either didnt notice or didnt seem to care The AP US History exam will be on a Saturday in mid May. Its graded on a scale of 0 to 5. Zero being the lowest possible score, 5 being the highest. A student in the forepart row raises her hand, interrupting our baptism by fire. Mr. F motions for her to speak.Are you related to Stephen King? I didnt realize it at the time (because lets face it, I didnt voluntarily read anything that wasnt a motorcycle magazine until my senior year of high school) but Mr. F bore an un ratny resemblance to the best selling suspense author. Even their eyeglasses were similar.Hes my cousin. the teacher nodded, pausing to recollect his thoughts. The test is pretty simple, but its probably more(prenominal) di fficult than anything youve taken before. I had yet to learn the eccentricities of the oxymoron, but that fact didnt hinder Mr. F as he grinned slyly while he mouthed the previous statement. The Regents exams have 4 possible answers. The AP has 5, and theyre usually more difficult to discriminate between. The primary source section will be essentially the same thing you run into on Regents Part 2s political cartoons or other documents accompanied by a set of questions. The essays are probably breathing out to be the biggest hurdle for you. You are required to write three instead of the usual one or two on a Regents exam. Like the Regents, you will be given a limited choice between essay topics to write on, and at least one of the essays will probably... ... feedback, he had to show me what the AP would study of my essay. Mr. F wasnt flawed. The whole process was - pardon the shamelessly obvious pun - flawed (you had to see that coming since the first 2 lines of the paper). Espec ially later on having read Peter Elbows book on the teacherless writing class, thinking about that year of AP US History is absolutely appalling. The whole writing process was turned on its head. It wasnt about learning to write or how to improve writing. It was about what to do in order to pass. I can only imagine how a member of the Iroquois Nation must feel about living in 21st Century New York join us or be left behind in poverty. indite this way. It is the only way. Indians are subhuman. Be a man become an American. No, a real American. Write this way. Its the only real way to write. And then again . . . maybe I just dont like US history.

The Prime Minister of Canada Essay -- Politics, Government

The Prime Minister of Canada is given much power and much responsibility. This could potentially create a dangerous situation if the government held a majority and was able to pass any legislation, luckily this is not the case. This paper will argue that there atomic number 18 many limitations, which the power of the prime minister is subject too. Three of the main limitations, which the Prime Minister is affected by, are first, federalism, second the governor general and third, the exact of rights and freedoms. I will support this argument by analyzing two dissimilar types of federalism and how they impact the power of the Prime Minister. Next I will look at tercet of the Governor Generals Powers and further analyze one of them. Last I will look at the impact of the charter from the larger participation the cosmos can have in government, and how it increased the power of the courts. Frist, federalism is the division of power between the provinces and the federal government (Cut ler 2010, 3). As well, Federal systems tend to be do up of multiple parts, which do not necessarily work together (Brock 2008, 3). There has been an increase on the study of federalism in recent years, which has created a to a greater extent in-depth look at how federalism impacts the government. (Farfard Rocher 2009, 294). There are two aspects of federalism and both of them put limitations on the influence of the prime minister. The first is called political asymmetry this encompasses the various attitudes of the different provinces such as the culture, economic, social and political conditions and how it shapes the relationship between the provincial and federal governments (Brock 2008, 4). This can create a problem for the federal government because it message that they may ha... ...ratic process but it at least protects the rights of Canadians and prevents all out domination the majority. This essay has argued that there are many limitations that the Prime Minister is subjec ted too. The three most important are federalism in Canadian society, the role of the Governor General, and the charter of rights and freedoms. I used two different views of federalism and illustrated how both of them put boundaries on the Prime Ministers power. Next I explain the powers of the governor general, and explained the ability to dissolve parliament in greater detail. Last I canvas how the charter of rights of freedoms has limited the Prime Ministers power with respect to policy-making, interests groups and the courts. The Prime Minister does not have absolute power in Canadian society, there are many infringements on the power that they have to respect.

Genetic Engineering Essay -- science

Genetic EngineeringTwo years ago, genetically engineered bacteria, which unexpectently killed beneficial soil fungi, escaped into sewers through human fault and have become toxic to plants and survived when expected not to.3 These are the bearings of consequences that come with playing God. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the chemical compound that makes up the genes and determines the type of proteins a cellular phone can make - is the core of genetic engineering. It can be manipulated in ways we could never dream of such as a new species of a catwoman or fishman. There are so many questions that each person must ask each other before making any sort of decision that would effect the future of genetic engineering towards humans. The risks of DNA combinations can be enormous and unexpected such as the formation of bacteria loathsome to antibiotics, linkage of DNA molecules with tumour-causing viruses and the introduction of toxin-formation or antibiotic resistant genes.1 Thus all r isks must be taken into consideration. Genetic engineering has already been show in cattle and studies have shown linkage of DNA molecules with ulcers, cancer and heart disease.1 Unfortunately, regulation of biochemical research ethics has been erratic and half-hearted for years. The United States allowed its only theme bioethics commission to expire in 1989. 2 As for in-vitro research, the Reagan Administration cancelled federal funding a decade ago. 2 So work in this area has been priv...

Genetic Engineering Essay -- science

Genetic EngineeringTwo years ago, genetically engineered bacterium, which unexpectently killed beneficial soil fungi, escaped into sewers through gentle error and have become toxic to plants and survived when expected not to.3 These are the sorts of consequences that come with playing God. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - the chemical compound that makes up the genes and determines the type of proteins a cell can make - is the core of genetic engineering. It can be manipulated in ways we could never dream of such as a revolutionary species of a catwoman or fishman. There are so m each questions that each person must ask each other before making any sort of decision that would effect the future of genetic engineering towards humans. The risks of DNA combinations can be enormous and unexpected such as the formation of bacteria resistant to antibiotics, linkage of DNA molecules with tumour-causing viruses and the introduction of toxin-formation or antibiotic resistant genes.1 Thus all r isks must be taken into consideration. Genetic engineering has already been demonstrated in cattle and studies have shown linkage of DNA molecules with ulcers, cancer and heart disease.1 Unfortunately, regulation of biochemical research ethics has been erratic and half-hearted for years. The United States allowed its scarce national bioethics commission to expire in 1989. 2 As for in-vitro research, the Reagan Administration cancelled federal funding a decade ago. 2 So spurt in this area has been priv...

The Green Sea Turtle

The Green Sea Turtle is one of only 7 species of sea turtle, with all being in danger of neat extinct. It is one of the largest sea turtles and has the highest migratory area. This report will cover from its physical description done to the specific role that it plays in the environment, as well as solutions to bring the creature to a least concern of extinction. Animal Profile The Green Sea Turtles carapace (shell) has a mottled cook top, with its under shell a creamy white and this shell is often covered in algal growth.Its flesh is a light green and its head is relatively small, when compared to its body. Contrasting to the other sea turtles, it cant put its head into its shell. The turtles front members are flipper-like, which propel it through the water at great speeds when needed. When hatchlings emerge from their eggs, they will weigh about 1 ounce, with the carapace only 2 inches long. Sub-adults will have a weighting of approximately 200-350 crushs and will grow over 2 and a half feet long. Whereas the fully grown adult can weigh up to 400 pound (317. kg) and its carapace will expand to 5 feet long.The Green Sea Turtle is a reptile, and it comes from the family of Cheloniidae. The average lifetime expectancy for the Green Sea Turtle usually lasts more than 80 years in the wild, and it takes over 25 years for them to reach sexual maturity. One of the only differences between the 2 sexes, is that the males have longish and thicker tails than the females, and they also have one single mating claw, on the back of the fore flippers.

The News Industry in Light of the Internet

The introduction of the virtual parley specialty has impacted many industries of the earthly concern. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the net as well as the easy entrance, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The profits medium has become a parvenue mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focuses on how the network and its evolution have impacted the discussion manufacturing. The changes that have taken endue in the parole pains atomic number 18 explored and a prospective future of the countersign industry is put upd in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe aim of the net has spawned an knowledge revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the word of honor industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the briny return that is provided by the intelligence informa tion industry is the dispersion of in variateation to the public.The ease of navigation and entropy dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a worldwide audience and it is possible for hatful anywhere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased everydayity and transaction that is going on the internet, the trend for lot accessing news cogitate information form the internet ahs alike increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a decrease in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it frequently more convenient to access news on the internet at their easiness without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets interchangeable PDAs, drop dead held novel phones, and internet based communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to plaque many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adequate to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes si milar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has do significant changes to the nature of the industry.In the online documentary of News war by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the center sketch audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation tends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a subject area states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through leavens like The insouciant Show. (News War, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on t heir channels in order to purify their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusing to continue their contracts with the news companies. One much(prenominal) example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff.Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said The people who own publishers are beholden to shareholders and They want for the paper to be passing profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a newspaper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict. (News War, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that We havent seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but it has to go there. I mean, you dont see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their new s from the evening news you see them getting it online. (News War, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a subject of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers.As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company. John Carrol form Los Angeles time support this notion by stating that I estimate that 85 percent of the archetype reporting thats done in the United States is done by newspapers. Theyre the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycle new s thats gathered by newspapers. (News War, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a telephone line process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry.However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in the future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most upstart of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of internet instead of fight against it.ReferencesHow the net is transforming news, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4630890.stmNews War, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/ bring/newswar/Cryns, D.S., Impact of the Internet Newspaper Industry, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//www.grin.com/en/catalog/business-economics/business-economics-marketing-corporate-communication-crm-market-research/The News Industry in Light of the InternetThe introduction of the virtual communication medium has impacted many industries of the world. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the internet as well as the easy access, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The internet medium has become a new mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focus es on how the internet and its evolution have impacted the News industry. The changes that have taken place in the News industry are explored and a prospective future of the news industry is provided in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe presence of the internet has spawned an information revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the news industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the main product that is provided by the news industry is the dispersion of information to the public.The ease of navigation and information dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a global audience and it is possible for people anywh ere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased popularity and traffic that is going on the internet, the trend for people accessing news related information form the internet ahs also increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a reduction in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it much more convenient to access news on the internet at their comfort without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets like PDAs, hand held smart phones, and internet bas ed communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to face many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adapted to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes similar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has made significant changes to the nature of the industry.In the online documentary of News War by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the core audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation t ends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a survey states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through shows like The Daily Show. (News War, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on their channels in order to improve their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusing to continue their contracts with the news companies. One such example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff. Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said The people who own newspapers are beholden to shareholders and They want for the paper to be highly profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a news paper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict. (News War, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that We havent seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but it has to go there. I mean, you dont see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their news from the evening news you see them getting it online. (News War, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a result of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers. As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company.John Carrol form Los Angeles time supported this notion by stating that I estimate that 85 percent of the original reporting thats done in the United States is done by newspapers. Theyre the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycling news thats gathered by newspapers. (News War, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a business process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry. However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in th e future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most recent of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of internet instead of fight against it.ReferencesHow the net is transforming news, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4630890.stmNews War, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/view/Cryns, D.S., Impact of the Internet Newspaper Industry, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//www.grin.com/en/ trailer/8270.htmlHendriks, P., Newspapers, a Lost Cause Strategic Management of Newspaper Firms in the United States and the Netherlands, 1999, Publisher Kluwer Academ ic Pub, ISBN-10 079235608XHudson, K., The impact of blogs on the news industry, accessed November 30, 2007 from http//www.helium.com/tm/70207/before-popularity-blogging-internet

 Tips for writing a “9” DBQ: Essay

1. As you read the question, come up with at to the lowest degree three categories. Then try to fill in as much specific factual information that you can think of, and put this into the categories. Its strategic to do this BEFORE you read the documents, so that you dont forget them when you are analyzing the documents.2. After you do this, and ONLY after, start reading the documents. When looking at the documents, be sure to look at who is the author/painter/political cartoonist/historian many times you will recognize that name and can split the document some context by what you know about the person, even if you have never seen the document before. Recognize that non all documents are check in significance.3. Sometimes the documents are intended to trigger reader memory for example, a first hand account of a labor protest off violent in 1896 means they want you to recognize that they are talking about the Haymarket Square Riot.4. After you figure out what the document is sayi ng, release it spate in the appropriate category. If it supports your government agency, put a + next to it if it is contrary to your position, put a next to it. Be sure that you put the letter of the document (A, B, C, etc) when you write down the point the document is making, because this will make it MUCH easier when you are putting all of this information in essay form. If you go to the College Board AP US History Exam website, you can view released prompts and suggested document analysis.5. Do not be afraid to use a point that contradicts your position. You are expected to find the complexities of history. Just show wherefore it doesnt defeat your position. For example, if your essay is about the impact of Reconstruction, and your position is that the U.S. government did not do much to help the freed slaves, you should not ignore the Freedmens Bureau. Rather, you should point out the inadequacies of the Freedmens Bureau it didnt last long enough, the majority of local Bu reau agents were hampered in their efforts by precedent Confederates, and there was no military power to enforce the authority of the Bureau agents.6. Now, and only now, write your thesis. The thesis should not exceed two meters. State your position clearly in the first sentence. In your second sentence you can define a key term (progressivism, Robber Baron, Jacksonian Democracy depends on the prompt) and involve the categories that you used in your chart back in step 1. Be sure to write your categories into your thesis in the same order in which you are going to discuss them in your essay.For exampleFrom 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them. (2009 DBQ question)Your thesis could be something like the followingAfrican s laves and their American-born children were ignored by the paper (which, in its original form, referred to slaves as other persons), but the contradictory nature of the new American identity described in this students introduction foregoing to the thesis, using details that indicated the students knowledge of the time period referenced in the question both led to greater freedom and more general bondage. Slaves and freedmen alike suffered under, exploited, and coped with the aspects of an agrarian economy, capitalism, and Christianity in America.This thesis (this was from a sample answer that received a score of 8 out of 9) makes writing the essay easy. every paragraph should have a topic sentence that states the category (see how this sample has three categories) you are talking about and your position on this category. Then include in the paragraph the points that you listed in your chart, and make it flow together, using both the documents and outside information. The last sen tence in each paragraph is the clincher sentence that finishes off your thoughts on that one category and provides a transition into the next one. When you are finished, rephrase your thesis for the conclusion.

How Far Do I Agree That the Hundred Flowers Campaign Was a Trick Essay

Mao travelled the length and breadth of China during the 1950s. The massive amount of support that he got where ever he went convinced him that he was in touch with the people. He took this opportunity to give some greater freedom of port to his people and he encouraged constructive criticism of how he and his companionship were transforming china into a proletarian state. He also gave intellectuals a greater introduce in debate which was unusual as Mao hated them.It was kinda possible that Mao was affected by the attack on Stalin by Khrushchev who publicly said that Stalin was evil and wrong Mao did not want this bounce himself . erhaps the hundred flowers crowd closed the gap between his people and him, the people would not make a comparison of him and Stalin and it would make him seem that he in reality cared what the people thought. In early 1957 the party and Mao prepared themselves for criticism which let ordinary every day people be able to say where the CCP had gone w rong. After the initial thoughts of people being classed as anti party were dismissed people flocked in their hundreds to criticise the party top judicature officials and even as far as Mao himself on the grounds of corruption, inefficiency and not being realistic.After this Mao changes direction and stops the hundred flowers campaign and everything goes backwards it was not a time of expression but a time of great oppression and was replaced altogether with the anti-rightist movement. Those people who had spoken out the nearly about the regime were forced to retract there statement and many University staff, writers, school teachers and economists some of the finest minds in china were forced to retract there statements and were low-spirited in front of their peers and were forced to enter re-education classes where they were broken down and re built with the information about the CCP.Even high ranking government officials were not safe as Zhou Enlai found out when he was forced to say that he had been too slow in putting Maos industrial plans into action which was not true, this sent out a message to everyone else saying that no one is safe and forcing everyone to conform. Some people say that it was a trick from the start and the speed in which he retracted the campaign and replaced it with the different one shows that it was a trap from the beginning, they also say that it was a overturn measure to bring his critics out in to the public and catch them.He could use what they said against them most of the people who did this were intellectuals and the educated who were the most likely to let out up these people also happened to be the two sets of people that Mao didnt like. It was a movement towards a controlled society in which all expression of opinion had to fit within the governments criteria. However. People say that Mao was genuinely seeking criticism in which he would turn the peasants against the other classes.By giving scientists and engineers the freedom to express their ideas Mao sought to prevent party bureaucrats from interfering with technical decisions. He wanted intellectuals to fracture and attack corruption and bureaucracy. He also wanted peasants, students and workers to speak out and even demonstrate to prevent government bureaucrats from running roughshod over their rights. another(prenominal) theory is that Mao did it on a whim and he did not set out with an agenda and was the quick thinking of CCP party main officials.In the event Maos motives may or may not have been, it was the scale of the criticism that it unleashed that took him aback, he had not realized the size of the problems that his ever so perfect regime had. Whether or not he had set out rush out opponents it had the same outcome, he had discovered the extent of the opposition. He crushed those who he thought were opposed to him. So yes I think that the hundred flowers campaign was a trick used by Mao to flush out opponents. the ruthlessness the he showed can only mean that he set out to do it in the first place.

The Federal Program for Labor Management

Employment has changed in the past decades because the world has changed. Weve entered a new era, an era where the toy ethic of employees, and more often the thinking and ethics of employers atomic number 18 many times questioned. The Federal Program for Labor Management has started as a way to provide for employees deputation through chosen adjust upatives, in collective bargaining with respect to personnel policies, practices and matters affecting working conditions. Also, it was created to ensure that employees who want to exercise this right and take an busy part in this process buzz off the chance to do so.The contemporary ch all toldenges in struggle relations and human being resources guidance include the care for employee rights, disciplinal policies and procedures, alternative dispute-resolution procedures, organizational ethics in employee relations or governmental regulation of prod relations. Not less classical issues regard the labor relations process, stru ctures, functions, and leadership of labor unions, the bargaining process and trends in collective bargaining, the labor commensurateness and administration of the labor concord.All these form a complex issue with the sole aim to make work relations more efficient and satisfactory for both parts. Labor relations are an important topic of human resources anxiety. The labor agreement is a contract between a organizations management structures and the its labor force, represented by unions, concerning aspects like wages, benefits and working conditions. Is comes in the form of compose policies and procedures. The goal of this document is to create equitable work relations, in lay to assure the workers social protection, preventing or diminishing the conflicts of interests and avoiding strikes.All aspects of the labor-management relationship are dynamic. The agreement has the role to bridge the gap between the interests of both sides. The terms of the contract are enforced by the steward (a representative of the union), acting like a policeman, constantly on the lookout. The labor agreements house be conceived at different levels a single set up, a branch, a federation or even nationally, severally with its own pros and cons. A master agreement is conceived for an entire company or branch, covering multiple site locations. There are several stages of a labor agreement to be discussed.First of all, the contract has to be negotiated. This is usually done once a year. Once a settlement has been made, the document has to be comfortably understood by both parties. These requires detailed analysis of the clauses on both sides. The next step is administration. This is also the process of getting ready to renegotiate. The management essential do everything in its powers to assure a reasonable and accurate administration of the contract, showing flexibility at the same time. Last but non least is the evaluation process, upon any renewal of the terms.Since clo se to people are routine-oriented and execute to do in the future the same things they have been doing in the past, it is particularly important to look backward. Learning from history, in other words. This may guarantee successful planning of future actions. In the following, I will analyze each stage, individualizing the for and against arguments to having a master labor contract. The agreement is the compose image of a give-and-take relationship. Within a company, the management faces the workers in a confrontation for the most benefits.The management has to satisfy diverse needs of the various audiences it must serve the executive branch, the shareholders, the labor force, the public at large etc. The unions major interest is to represent the employees. There are also dissimilarities between management goals and management structure and the aims and methods adopted by the unions, resulting in labor-management differences. Management usually wants to provide for a pliant work force that can respond quickly to mission needs. Labor, on the other hand, wants stability, security, and capriole protection for the worker.Management strives to stimulate competition among the workers and to identify the most efficient workers while the union works for the adoption of common work rules and methods of compensation or reward which tend to eliminate competition. What is, in this causa, the better natural selection to have pick out union contracts for different plants or to have one master labor agreement? The negotiation table for a labor agreement resembles a battle field. Each participant fights for his own interest, throwing in all the weapons. Each side needs as much power as it can get.From a managers point of view it would be more advantageous to negotiate name union contracts, as it faces a less powerful opponent. Power is resolute by a number of factors. In the case on unions, size is the most important (size determined by the number of members). This is why with separate contracts the management may have an upper hand. But, on the other side of the coin lies a great expense of resources. Time and money are wasted when it comes to separate negotiations. However, the purpose is to maintain industrial peace, meaning that whatever the results of the negotiations, they must meet both sides exigencies.At the very heart of it, the labor agreement represents written policies and procedures created to ensure functionality and satisfaction. This is why negotiations are problem-centered more time is spent on day-to-day problems than on defining abstract principles. Given the fact that current problems are usually very specific to a certain situation, it means that separated labor contract would have the advantage of dealing adequately with issues every time. A master agreement is in certain circumstances too general and irrelevant, leading to a variance between contract and practice.Although trying to cover all grounds in a written docume nt is a lost cause, the contract has to be the foundation of the labor-management relationship, thus variances should be minimized. The aspects that escape the consideration of the negotiators have to be as few as practicable. Another situation that may be encountered is a request for an increase of the wage at one of the plants. In the case of a master labor contract this would be resolved at a central level resulting in a waste of pecuniary resources.But if the contracts were negotiated separately then the request could be met at an individual level. This would save money to the company. There are also other points to consider when decision making for a level of negotiation. Separate plants are located in different areas, characterized by different socio-economical factors. The areas degree of development may influence the discussions, providing an extra set of arguments to one of the sides. The high unemployment rate, for example, turns the scale in favor of the employer, whil e a low one represents a vantage point for the union.Environment, the degree of education, the minimum wage, as well as other issues, add extra weight to one side of the balance. An investigation is required (such as an environmental analysis), in each particular situation, in order to determine the better choice. Regarding the administration of the contract there are a few aspects worth to be taken into consideration at this point. Separate contracts allow the management to deal with problems one at a time, whereas a centralization of the process reduces the degree of mobility and may even result in financial losses or crisis situations.It is consecutive, no doubt about it, that it is easier to conduct one labor contract agreement for a number of plant locations. However, it is possible for the union to strike, closing down all the plants. As opposed to this undesirable situation, if you have separate contracts, the union can only strike one plant at a time, giving the management the time required to resolve the situation. Management must not take a unilateral action without number one considering whether it has an obligation to discuss the action with the union.Matters of legitimate concern for the employees include personnel policies, practices and working conditions. In these cases the management must provide the union an opportunity to negotiate. So, whenever the company wants to bring change into any one of these fields it has to consult the union and it the chance to express its position. In this case it is somewhat difficult to negotiate separate contracts. Bringing union representatives from each plant to the same negotiation table would require great synchronization and it would be a logistic nightmare.Also, to ease a smooth relationship with the employees, the management must inform them even concerning the changes that dont have to be negotiated (retained management rights not subjected to negotiation). Another way management can attend assure u nion understanding and, thus, facilitate efforts to properly administer the agreement, is to distribute brief explanations of at least the key parts of the agreement in order to avoid misunderstandings. Jointly prepared articles can be included in the installation bulletin and union paper.Similarly, labor and management can work in concert in the preparation of special bulletins explaining the contract as the situation demands. All these actions are easier to perform and less demanding in the case of a master labor agreement. Worker representation and participation in management, through the union, could plausibly increase productivity in one or both of two ways. In the prototypic place, it could serve as a no pecuniary incentive for workers by reducing the monotony of work and enhancing the individual workers dignity and self-esteem.As a result, job satisfaction would be increased, and increased job satisfaction is allegedly conducive to higher productivity and lower unit costs. T hese would be even more true in the care of separate labor contracts. When the employees are represented by people they know or have a chance to meet and work with they will feel personally involved an underlying bias in favor of insiders. This is also a way to increase employee loyalty. The evaluation process helps creating a better contract.In order to evaluate, the management has to communicate with the union members. Failure to talk to the troops is a problem that has been encountered with increasing regularity in the recent past in labor-management relations. Communications should take place regarding all actions affecting the work force. The managements task is to make sure that the communications process works for, not against, management. There are two different aspects to be taken into consideration the functional ones and the psychological ones.On a functional level, the communication process would be easier to sustain in the case of a master agreement, due to the fact t hat the management would deal with only a few union representatives. However, in the case of separate labor agreements, the communication would be more efficient because it would be more personal. The companies tend to be organized from the top down while unions tend to be organized from the bottom up. This is why the functional and the efficiency aspects of communication do not coincide in the two perspectives.

How does Steinbeck present the culture of the migrant worker in the novel? Essay

John Steinbeck wrote a novel called Of Mice and Men in 1937. At the time America was in a design of economic depression following the Wall Street crash. John Steinbeck saw the effects and saw how people had to engage hard a right smart from home as migrant histrions and this motivated him to write this novel. The story is about(predicate) 2 migrant workers Lennie and George. In this essay we will be caseing at the spirit of the migrant workers, their motivations and their dreams for the future. Also we will be looking at the language and then conclude by answering the question how does Steinbeck present the culture of the migrant worker in the novel?Migrant workers are people who go looking around for work away from home. They normally do not form tenacious term friendships and normally do not form relationships with women. However in Steinbecks novel there are two friends called Lennie and George who shake up a pine term friendship. Lennie is a big man with a mental age o f about 8. He always relies on George to tell him whats right and wrong. We do-nothing know that normal migrant workers are lonely. This is supported when George says guys resembling us that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the manhood. The way he says loneliest, he doesnt just say lonely he refers to migrant workers as the loneliest people. The migrant worker is sh consume to be lonely by Steinbeck. Also when Candy says of melt I aint got family it tells us that it is usual to not tolerate family and is a common feature shared by the migrant workers.Each character in the novel has his or her own characteristics, and this is how Steinbeck presents the culture of the migrant worker. Candy is characterised as being old and useless -the one who they use and Crooks is the lonely and separated one. We come to know that Crooks feels lonely when he says books aint no good a guy needs somebody to be near him. The way he says somebody means that he is desperate to have a frie nd and this desperation shows his loneliness. So Steinbeck presents us with different characteristics of each character like anger and loneliness. We also see signs of selfishness when Carlson shoots Candys dog.This novel is about hope and despair, love and disgust notwithstanding Carlson isnt really plugged into these things. This world is black and white to him with no subtitle for example when slim wills George away from the river cuss as he has gathered what has just happened Carlson says what the hell do you thinks is eat them two guys. This shows he is clueless to his surroundings but this is how he survives the life of the migrant worker. So overall there are different characteristics of the migrant workers. This is cod to their circumstances like Crooks being black, Candy being old and Curleys wife not loving him and not being loved by him. So Steinbeck presents the culture of the migrant workers to be selfish and lonely.But there are two characters that are different to the some others they are the dreamers, Lennie and George who symbolise hope for the migrant worker. Whats different about them is that they are friends who stick together till the end of the novel. This is shown when George says with us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. This tells us that they have a dream the way George say we got a future. This shows us hope. Also when Lennie says I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you.This shows us lots of things, firstly it shows us friendship between them but it also shows that Lennie relies on George. Georges dream is to have is own prepare of land and Lennies is to tend rabbits on that piece of land. But there are also other characters that have dreams like Curleys. Her dream is to become an actress when she says he was going to put me in the movies. This shows us that she wanted to become an actress and therefore shows us that even she has a dream. Also Crooks d reams of being seen as equal to everyone else. He remembers his childhood, when he played with white children who came to his familys chicken ranch.Even the old and useless Candy has a dream which merges with Lennie and Georges dream which is to have their own piece of land. So overall Steinbeck presents us with a lot of different characters of the migrant workers. He shows anger, aggression and even loneliness, but he also shows other things like hope, friendship and the dream of the migrant workers. He also shows the dream of the migrant worker and how it is pointless to have a dream. He shows us that dreams lead to disappointment. In the novel nobodys dream comes true for example Crooks doesnt get that equality he thinks he deserves, Curleys wife doesnt get to be an actress and Candys dreams get shattered along with George of having their own piece of land. The best way to avoid disappointment is to not have a dream this is what Steinbeck is explaining in this novel.Steinbeck use s a lot of descriptions to show the scenery. For example he describes a place at the beginning to be close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green. The water is warm too. Then at the beginning of section 2 he describes were they work when he says the bunk erect was long, impertinent building. Inside the walls were whitewashed and the floor unpainted. He gives a contrast because at the beginning he describes a place that is beautiful and colourful by the way he says deep and green and when he describes the work place he uses very plain description like rectangular bunk house and the floors unpainted.This gives us a contrast between the life of nature and then the life of the migrant worker. The language used tells us that they were uneducated and had an emphasis by the way Lennie says purty instead of pretty. Also we can tell that they are uneducated by the way they speak like when Lennie says make um allow me alone. Steinbeck is recreating an authentic sense of the spoken v oice. However people who sound uneducated can still have brains for example Crooks. He reads law books but his language is just as bad as the others when he says I aint so crippled I cant work like a son of a bitch if I want to. They also use racist words towards crooks like nigger. This is only verbalise to show us that they were all living in a time, in society that was racist.Overall I think that Steinbeck shows the culture of the migrant workers in many ways, he gives us different characteristics of the migrant worker for example anger, suspicions, selfishness and loneliness, but the most important thing is the dream of Lennie and George that one day they will have their own piece of land and this is what keeps them going. This shows hope for the migrant worker. Candy and his dog provides a parallel to George and Lennie. When candys dog got old and useless he got killed, but not by Candy but by Carlson, Candy felt that he should have killed the dog himself when he says I shoul d have killed him myself.At the end of the novel George kills Lennie because he knew it would be better for him to kill Lennie and not regret it like Candy did with his dog. Steinbeck shows us that not all migrant workers are selfish and dont make long term friendships by the characters Lennie and George. Steinbeck tells us how quickly hopes and dreams can get destroyed. The title of mice and men refers to a song which tells us of a mouse and how the mouse builds up his nest and how the nest is destroyed. The mouse symbolises Lennie and George and the nest is symbolises their dream and how it is destroyed so suddenly.

Analysing the Black Cat Using Labov’s Narrative Structure

OBJECTIVES For this assignment, the study aims to 1. produce a frequency chart according to the factors of Labovs communicative mental synthesis 2. discuss the way Edgar Allen Poe structured his swindle write up to variety show the elements of tragedy, mystery and terror as introduceed in the short story In completing the task, I will persona Labovs communicatory Theory to conduct annals depth psychology of the short story, The wispy fathead written by Edgar Allan Poe. The structure of this essay begins with the introduction to narrative and narrative analysis.The trice part develops in the literature review where I will explain Labovs memorial Structure and introducing the author of the story, Edgar Allan Poe. The section ends with the discussion of The Black Cat from non-linguistic perspectives proposed by different scholars. The peak of the task is in the third part which is the analysis of the story where the discussion mainly c everywheres the most appealing elemen t from Labovs Theory designd by Allan Poe to structure his story to create terror and horror sen erants.The analysis will be influencen from linguistic point of view on how linguistic features or formulas argon associated with trus bothrthy functions. INTRODUCTION Defining floor The word Narrative derives from the Latin narre which means to make known, so narratives much convey information. (Lacey,N. ,2000). If we ar using this definition, perhaps it may cover a wide range of format or genre in which may non be considered narrative as in timetable or lab report.Lacey,N (2000) points pop that what distinguishes narrative from other forms is that it defers information as a affiliated sequence of events and these events ar structured logically and causally each event is derived from the previous event. Wikipedia, (2010) explains in a broader context that narrative is a story that is created in a positive format in a form of writing, speech, poetry, prose, opinions, song , motion pictures, video games, theatre or dance in which describe a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events.The simplest way of describing the term narrative is someone telling someone else that something hap draw uped (Barbara Herrnstein Smith, 1981). Barbaras definition of narrative reflects the idea that narrative occurs in most of daily conversations and involves face-to-face experience and raise. In All American Gpassingary of Literary Terms, narrative is seen as a collection of events that tells a story, which may be true or not, placed in a particular order and recounted through with(predicate) either telling or writing.It is a recapitulating event that is told by someone and it is naturally and by choice arranged in an acceptable way. Literary Terms and Definition proposes narrative as a story or an account in which it is prevalently notional and imaginative rather than strictly f r push throughineual, as evidenced in fairy tales, legends, novels, novelettes, sh ort stories, etceteras. The involvement of personal touch in many of narrative unravel allows readers to create an imaginative airwave that brings the readers into the authors world and even in some narratives, they persuade the readers to view the world through their eyes.The motives behind literary work are perhaps hidden behind the characters disposition and also the description of videos and situations. Other scholars like Seymour Chatman and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, point out that narrative is a structure which is made up of narrative statements (Chatman,S. , 1990) and narrative consists of characteristics as follows 1) events, governed by temporality, or more precisely a double temporality (the chronology of the events and their presentation in the text) 2)telling or narration, as an act of mediation or transmission which, in literature, is verbal.Labov (1972) defines narrative as consisting minimally of cardinal temporally ordered cla ingestions, and reversing the order of the clauses would change the story. In his hypothesis with his friend, Waletzky, native narrative structures are to be found in oral versions of personal experience which is the ordinary narratives of ordinary speakers. By looking at many narratives, they deprivation to identify and relate formal linguistic properties of narratives to their functions. Labov and Waletzky halt come out with a framework functions as a tool in analyzing narrative literary text linguistically.The understanding behind this framework is narrative can be seen as socially situated through sociolinguistic approach. Cortazzi (1993) stresses that narrative is more than a linear order of narrative structure. In fact, if a narrative plainly follows the order or sequence of this circular structure, perhaps it may be abnormal. Narrative is an authors personal touch and it serves as an additional function of personal interest, determined by a stimulus in the social context in which the narrative occurs.Defini tion given by Toolan (2001), is comprehensively acceptable that narrative is defined as a perceived sequence of non-randomly events, typically involving, as the experiencing agonist, humans or quasi-humans, or other sentient beings, from whose experience we human can learn. He also extends the definition by stating that our preference is practically for the sequence of connected events to take shape around a state or period of turbulence or crisis, subsequently resolved that is while a sequence of events entails some sort of change of state, a sequence containing a resolved crisis or problems entails a pronounce change of state.The Importance of Narrative epitome (NA) of Literary Text Stories are in important aspect of enculturation and many literary work convey stories and motives (Wikipedia, 2010). Narrative analysis has contributed for development in many disciplines and has been a tool for break out understanding of the literary text and anything underlies behind it. The imp ortance of NA is that, it allows analyst to draw connections between linguistic form and the function (Labov and Waletzky,1972).The clauses as functional linguistic units appeared in narratives are structured and formed to meet the need of the author to logically create narrative sequence. The linguistic features exist in narrative text, pack somehow portrayed certain(p) patterns of structures in which help to develop particular genres and this pattern too has helped readers to create better imagination in soul. In other row, through such(prenominal) analysis, we can relate the formal properties of narratives to their functions.The analysis is formal where it is conducted based upon recurrent patterns characteristics of narrative from the clause level to the complete simple narrative and the analysis is functional and will be considered as one verbal technique for recapitulating experience- in particular a technique of constructing narrative units that match the temporal sequenc e of that experience. . (Labov & Waletzky, 1972).The idea behind Labov and Waletzkys notion is to isolate the elements of narratives that serve certain linguistic functions where fundamental structures which are to be found in oral versions of personal experiences usually interconnected with the functions they serve. NA is also pursue in other educational disciplines. Narrative has been the fount of intensive research in a variety of disciplines, with work in contemporary literary theory leading the way (as represented in such movements as post-structuralism, reader-response criticism, deconstructionism, feminist theory, and neo-Marxist approaches to texts and society) (Paul.G. J. , 1991). Researchers use narrative analysis to deal with the problems of effective communications and class and ethnic differences (Cortazzi,M. ,1993). Researchers in education find NA allows gravel to study teachers culture and thinking, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Cortazzi (1993) stresses t hat the use of NA encourages us to develop descriptions of teachers culture which preserve their voices. NA is best use for exploratory purpose, sensitizing the researcher, illustrating but not by itself validating theory and a common focus is the exploration of ethical, moral and cultural ambiguous. Garson,G. D. ,2000). Alvarez and Urla (2002) have pointed out that in the field of information system implementation NA provides richer data than is obtained by conventional system selectments analysis. Discovering narrative is a point of departure to discovering culture and its society. In the early periods of literature, writers share intellectuals, linguistics, religious and artistic influences (http//web. cn. edu/kwheeler/documents/Periods_Lit_History. pdf).These patterns are put into writings and each period (such as Classical period, Medieval period, Renaissance and rehabilitation period, Neoclassical period, Romantic period, Victorian period and Modern period and Postmodern pe riod) represents the background of its society and even political changes. Chafe (1990) sees narratives as overt manifestations of the mind in action as windows to both the content of the mind and its going operations. Narratives can therefore be seen as opening a window on the mind, or, if we are analysing narratives of a specific group of tellers, as opening a window on their culture. Cortazzi,M. , 1993). In Malaysian context, the knowledge of analysing narratives would encourage better meshing and engagement from both teachers and students. The ability to isolate the elements of narratives and to identify the functions of the forms, motivate the learning for better understanding of the literary work. However, it depends how creative the teachers are to implement and make use this tool (NA) to incorporate literature in language classroom.Besides that, by studying oral or written accounts of personal experience, the students would be able to see the authors representations and exp lanations of experience. (Cortazzi,M. ,1993). Primary and secondary schools students should be taught and exposed with skillful terms and structure of literature to promote interest and spot towards literature. Besides that, attitude towards literature should be inculcated since their early in order to promote appreciation towards the work of literature.Since the late 90s, many Malaysian writers have been into the trend of producing romantic novels (in Malay, such genre is called novel picisan). Compared to other genres, producing novel picisan has been the side income for many of Malaysian writers. Malaysian should be encouraged to produce diverse genres and government plays vital roles in promoting translation culture among Malaysians. The idea behind this is to increase the development of Malaysian publishing industry.But it is undeniably that this industry faces obstacle and challenges in which it may require major revamp of the present National Book Council to give it more s trength in overseeing the implementation of the policy and the existing book related laws (Dato Ng Tieh Chuan, 2005). Malaysia has some of the important ingredients of a successful publishing industry considerably high level of literacy, strong government support for education, relatively modest technical resources that are required, commitment towards the development of information technology, and dedicated entrepreneurs willing to take risks in a difficult economic climate.However, our book publishing sector is farthest from successful and there are several obstacles hampering the development of books in terms of their availability, accessibility and affordability. (Dato Ng Tieh Chuan, 2005) Analysing Narratives Linguistically Since narratives demand at least two connected events, then, using linguistics, we could say that gramatically the minimum requirements for a story are two clauses, whether these occur in a single complex sentence or two simple sentences (Pope, 1995).Lacey (2000) illustrates that the statement The queen regnant is dead is not sufficient abounding to be considered as narrative but by adding some other clause, and the queen has died of brokenheartedness, then narrative exists. When the clauses are connected with certain linguistic functions, a serial publication of events occur. Although narrative can exist without any words at all, the fact that its structure is comparable to the structure of sentence is evidence of its universality. (Lacey,N. ,2000). He also emphasizes that the concept of sequence is crucial and without the development of sequence there is no narrative.Narrative analysis is an analysis of chronologically told story, in which concerned with how narrative elements are sequenced and why certain elements are evaluated differently from others and how away experience shapes perceptions of the present and how present experience shapes perceptions of the past and how both shape perceptions of the early (Garson,G. D. ,20 00). LITERATURE REVIEW Labovs Narrative Structure Sociological and sociolinguistics views of narrative have been developing since the mid-sixties (Cortazzi,M. 1993) and have influenced many scholars to challenge traditional narrative models to come out with better framework to narrative text analysis. Labovs Narrative Structure is a sociolinguistic approach which examines formal structural properties of narratives in relation to their social functions. (Labov and Waletzky, 1972). The objective behind this theory is to show that there is correlation between form and its function. Labovs model of narrative analysis comprises of six element (certain elements are optional) swindle, preference, Complicating Action, Evaluation, Result or Resolution and Coda. STRUCTURE EXPLANATION ABSTRACT one or two clauses summarizing the whole story ORIENTATION the time, place, persons and their activity or the situation COMPLICATING ACTION tells us what happens next EVALUATION Establish and sust ain the point, the contextual significance and tellability, , or reportability, of story.Narrators personal involvement in the story RESULT OR RESOLUTION Explains what closingly happened. CODA Signals the sealing off of a narrative. Return to the conversational mode, in real present time. TABLE 1 Labovs Narrative Structure Abstract This category represents the summary of the story. In certain narratives, Abstract is optional (Cortazzi,M. ,1993) and there are some which do not have any because the title of the narratives often serves as the abstract as in The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber for instance (Black,E. ,2006). Abstract usually initiates the narrative.It is important for certain narratives to insert this element since it conveys general propositions which often go beyond the conterminous events in narratives (Cortazzi,M. ,1993). Orientation The Orientation specifies the participants and circumstances, place and time of the narratives and it is equivalent to s etting (Toolan, M. J. ,1992). This element is often embedded within sentences as in Abstract and Complicating Action. Orientation sometimes initiates the narratives and this structure play major roles in creating the narrative atmosphere desired by the author. It sets the scene psychologically as well as literally (Black, E. , 2006) to serve the function of being descriptive.Toolan (1992) states that in Orientation, we can expect verb forms other than extensive verbs (such as transitive or intransitive verbs involving action) in the simple past tense. Besides, Orientation is indicated by past perfectives and past progressive verb phrases and intensive verbs such as be, become, seem, etc. Orientation information in most of the time is encoded in free clauses usually placed at the beginning, sometime coupled with the offshoot event of the Complicating Action (Cortazzi, 1992). Complicating Action Complicating Actions can be referred to the core of the narratives. It consists of a seri es of narrative clauses in the simple past tense, or sometimes in present tenses.This part of the narrative, the bones of it, gives the event sequence which is often terminated by the Result or Resolution (Cortazzi, 1992). In addition, the verbs often indicate the complicating actions, to show what happen in the story. Evaluation Cortazzi, M. ,(1993), explains that the Evaluation commonly precedes the Resolution and it avoids the withering rejoinder from listeners of so, what? since every good fibber is continually warding off this question. The evaluation is realized by a number of appraising(prenominal) devices listed below which can be distributed at various points throughout a narrative, although they are commonly positioned before the Resolution.Evaluation category consists of external and internal evaluative devices. In brief explanation, external evaluative device has a strong interpersonal function which applies to written texts and in literary fictions, external evaluati on devices are most likely in first-class honours point in time person narratives (Black,E, 2006). Black (2006) also mentions that internal evaluative devices are generally more subtle than external evaluation. Such self-questioning, and moving between past, present and future are all characteristics of evaluative devices. Result or Resolution and Coda The Result often signals the end of the story proper and Coda is a final rounding off, tiding up of the lives of characters. (Black, E. , 2006) pic numeral 1Figure 1 shows the relation between all the elements under Labovs model of narrative analysis. It begins with the present time, indicating the Abstract of the narrative, followed by the introduction of the participants, time, circumstances, and places that fall under the Orientation. The next sequence of a narrative is complicating action, to indicate then, what happen? . Evaluation category is not placed in a fix position. It often appears between sequences in a story. The aut hor draws the readers to the ending by indicating the Result or Resolution and finally the Coda. For instance, a story told by someone coming late to an appointment might look like this I had a terrible time getting here (abstract).I started out an hour ago, and I only live a couple of miles away (orientation). I was standing at the bus stop for ages, and then when the first bus came it was full, and I had to wait another 20 minutes for the next one (complicating action). I was getting so worried I really thought youd be gone by the time I arrived (evaluation). Still, I got here in the end (resolution). Ill know to start earlier if we meet here again, though (coda) Discovering Edgar Allan Poe This section mainly discusses on the American writer, Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 October 7, 1849) who was also known for his genres horror fiction, gothic romance, crime fiction and detective fiction.He is one the undischargedest and unhappiest of American poets, a master of the horror tale, and the patron saint of the detective story (Petri Liukkonen, 2008). The information presented below is cited from Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia, The Poe Studies Association (PSA) and PoeStories. com An exploration of short stories by Edgar Allan Poe. pic Figure 2 Family Tree of Edgar Allen Poe. (Wikipedia, 2010) Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusette on Jan 19, 1809. He was the second child of actor and actress, David Poe, Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. His elder brother, William Henry Leonard Poe (January 30, 1807 August 1, 1831) was a sailor, shop clerk and also an amateur poet. David and Elizabeths daughter Rosalie was born in December 1810.Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeares King Lear, a play that the couple was performing in 1809(Nelson, Randy F, 1981). When he was three familys old, David Poe left the family and left his married woman and his children in 1810. A year later, his wife died from consumption. Edgar was taken care of by John Allan, successful Scottish merchant in Richmond, Virgnia who involve in variety of goods including tobacco, cloth, wheat, tombstone and slaves. The Allans serve as a foster family gave him the name Edgar Allan Poe and baptized him in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son. In 1815, the Allans sailed to England and while they lived in England, Poe and his stepfather began to turn over fiercely and frequently.Poe was sent to grammar school in Irvine, Scotland, where John Allan was born. He attended the school just for a short period of time and in 1816, he returned and joined the family in London. Mrs. Allan died, John remarried, and he and Poe became even further estranged. In 1826, Poe attended University of Virginia, but he was expelled later that year. He attended West blockage for a short time while there, he accumulated some gambling debts. John Allan, who was frustrated with Poes behaviour and attitude, would no t help him to deliver his debts and Poe had to leave the Academy. He went to Boston in 1827 and, finding that he could not support himself, he enlisted in the United States Army under the name Edgar A. Perry. aft(prenominal) two years, he was released and moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where his maternal relatives lived. During this period, newspapers and literary magazines began to be published Poes work. Tamerlaine and Other Poems appeared in 1827 and Al Aaraaf in 1829. His Manuscript Found in a Bottle won a literary contest in 1833. Three years later, however, his life would change drastically. In May of 1836, he married his 14-year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm, who convinced Poe to settle in Philadelphia, where he obtained regular employment as an editor. In 1844, Poe moved to New York City, taking a job as editor for another literary magazine, The Evening Mirror.His most famous and popular poem, The Raven, was published in this magazine through this one poem, Poe finally achieve d his well-deserved reputation as a great writer. In January of 1847, however, after a long illness, Virginia died of tuberculosis. Poes grief, combined with the stress caused by years of caring for his invalid wife, caused him to collapse emotionally after her death it is believed that this loss accelerated his drinking problem. Yet two years later, in 1849, he moved back to Richmond and planned to wed Sarah Elmira Royster Shelton, a woman Poe had been engaged to marry earlier in life. (John Allan had forced Poe to abandon any thoughts of marrying her because of lack of money. ) Poe and Shelton, both now having lost a spouse, renewed their relationship.They would, however, not marry collectible to Poes untimely death, the circumstances of which remain a mystery, even today. He had left Richmond for Baltimore on September 27, 1849, and was found unconscious in a privy there on October 3rd. Poe had collected approximately $1,500 for subscriptions to his literary magazine, The Stylu s, but no money was found with him, leading to the speculation that he might have been robbed. He was taken to a hospital where he regained consciousness a few times, but Poe was never coherent enough to explain what had happened to him. Edgar Allan Poe died on October 7, 1849. pic Figure 3 Signature of Edgar Allan Poe (Wikipedia, 2010) The Black Cat The Black Cat is one of Edgar Allan Poes most memorable stories. The tale centers around a black cat and the subsequent damage of a man (Lombardi,E. , 2010). The story is about a man, who declaring that he will die tomorrow, describes himself as a caring and loving man, who from the earliest days of his offspring was mocked by others for his timidity and concern forall livingthings (http//www. bookrags. com/notes/poe/PART1. htm). Based on literary analysis conducted by Cromwell, J. , (2010), the narrator (who is also chief character and author) form unnamed, but for a purpose. Without a name he represents every man, or rather, every mans potential.In the opening of his story, the character describes himself as manageable and tender natured with a fondness for animals, describing the affection of his pets as unselfish and self-sacrificing love. Cromwell states that the main character faces the relationships of humans, however, with a cynical clipped tone, the paltry friendship and vapourific fidelity of undefiled Man. (The Black Cat, line 12). He also stresses that the desires and feeling held in check by unwritten social law are buffet loose by habitual drinking leading to verbal and physical abuse of the mans animals and wife. The mans desire was power over his animals, his wife, and their affections toward him. For full text, kindly refer to Appendix A) ANALYSING THE BLACK CAT In analysing The Black Cat, I have used Labovs Narrative Structure as my theoretical framework for the analysis. To be brief, for this section, I will explain on how I have analyse the short story based on labovs theory of narrativ e and followed by the discussion on the findings of the analysis. My focus of discussion is on the elements that show highest percentage in which have constructed and contributed to the great horror effect of Edgars short story. As briefly discussed earlier, Labovs Narrative Structure comprises of six categories in which they serve to structure the narratives.Each sentence in the short story was given a number to ease the run of categorising the sentences into abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution and coda (u may refer to Appendix A). A close reading was conducted and it took sooner some time for the completion of the analysis. The finding of the analysis of The Black Cat is presented through the bar chart below. pic Figure 4 The Analysis of The Black Cat based on the elements of Labovs Narrative Structure The bar chart in figure 1 shows the representation of each element of Labovs Narrative Structure based on the frequency count of sentences in the sh ort story, The Black Cat.The structure of each sentence represents certain functions as highlighted in Labovs Narrative Structure. As discussed earlier, Labovs Narrative Structure consists of six elements which are abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution and coda. through with(predicate)out the analysis, the major finding is the elements of orientation and evaluation present in the short story, as indicated above, show the highest number of sentences. These two elements play major roles in constructing the horror sentiment in the short story. Edgar used these two elements comprehensively and most of the time, they were embedded together to show certain degree of emotional state of the character.Obviously, the setting, symbolism, plot, word choice, and character development contributed greatly to the effect of disgraceful insanity in Edgar Allan Poes masterpiece, The Black Cat. Poes skilful use of all of these elements, the least of these being setting a nd the greatest of these being character development, creates a shocking tale, which leaves the mind to ponder in all its horror (www. 123helpme. com, 2010). In the short story, Orientation is widely used where Edgar has been descriptive concerning the emotional state and degree of value of the narrator, the situation or places that took place and also detailed elaboration on the crime scene, description on the characters attitude and world view. Examples of sentences that portray this element are shown below SENTENCE NUMBER TEXT 8 From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition 79 Pluto had not a white pig upon any portion of his body but this cat had a large, although indefinite splotch of white, covering nearly the whole region of the breast. 109 The cat followed me down to the pore stairs and nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. TABLE 2 Orientation From the sentences listed above, it is obvious that Edgar pays critical at tention in describing the mental and emotional state of the main character, which is the narrator.In fact, for almost every sentence in the short story consists of orientation element which functions to create the atmosphere of horror. He begins the story with a clear picture of him being tortured and this had destroyed his life. The orientation can refer to a past event with an adverb of time in which will mark off the narrative from the previous talk, as an initiating mechanism (Cortazzi,M. ,1993). He also makes an innocent confession of his crime due to his unstable mental and emotional state through abusing his wife and pets, I suffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. , I even offered her personal violence and even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper.These sentences have given direct impacts to the reader as he has initially stated how his life has been ruined and destroyed. In elaborating the character of the black cat, in which the narrator claimed to be to be the causal to his failure in life, Edgar has selected certain adjectives and connotations that most suitable and deep impact words to retain the feeling of horror throughout the story. The words like, frightful appearance, .. a brute beast, .. my hatred of the beast.. , .. the terror and horror with which the animal has inspired me.. , and in fact, the word black associated with the cat, is sufficient enough to promote the evil spirit derived from the cat.The repetition of evil and dark connotations leaves the reader with the feeling terrified and suspend and it shows terror and horrified as the core atmosphere of the scenes. Towards the end, Edgar was being descriptive and he used orientation element majorly to describe the inhumane conduct of the narrator and provoke the readers with horror and unpredictable crime scene and each complicating action. The role of orientation is vital in this short story to design fear atmosphere and dreadfulness. SENTENCE NUMB ER TEXT 98 I am almost ashamed to own-yes, even in this felons cell.I am almost ashamed to own-that the terror and horror with which the animal inspired me, had been heightened by one of the merest chimaeras, it would be possible to conceive. 2 Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. 12 thither is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of him who has had frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man. TABLE 3 Examples of Evaluation Category Evalution is the most interesting and complex category. In the story, this element is associated with the narrators bias point of judgement and value. The narrators personal involvement is a story is conveyed where he states that In their consequences, these events have terrified-have tortured-have destroyed me. Yet I will not attempt to dilate them. To me, they have presented little but h orror- to many they will seem less terrible than baroques. (The Black Cat, line 6 and 7) At one point, the narrator makes use of his personal involvement sentiment in the story as a way to gain sympathy and also as escapism of his brutal crime. gibe to his evaluative statement, the blame to all sins and the prime murder are the black cat and the evil spirit that had caused him to conduct such inhumane crimes. As he puts his words I seized him when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possess me. I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socketI blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity. (The Black Cat, line 31-35) A nd a brute beast whose fellow I had contemptuously destroyed a brute beast to work out for me for me a man, fashioned in the image of the High God so much of insufferable wo Alas neither by day nor by shadow knew I the blessing of Rest any more (The Black Cat, line 103) Evil thoughts became my sole intimates the darkest and most evil of thoughts. The moodiness of my usual temper increased to hatred of all things and of all mankind while, from the sudden, frequent, and ungovernable outbursts of a fury to which I now blindly abandoned myself, my uncomplaining wife, alas as the most usual and the most patient of sufferers. (The Black Cat, line 106 and 107) The Evaluation commonly precedes the Result. It delays the forward movement of the narrative clauses, which hold the listener suspended at that point in time (Cortazzi,M. , 1993). Other evidence such as below It was now the representation of an object that I shudder to name and for this, above all, I loathed, and dreaded, and would have rid myself of the monster had I dared it was now, I say, the image of a hideous of a ghastly thing of the GALLOWS oh, mournful and terrible engine of Horror and of offensive of Agony and of Death (The Black Cat, line 101)The Black Cat is not structured in isolation according to Labovs Narrative Structure. These categories are truly embedded within sentences in order to derive horror and existence of evil elements in the short story. Edgar was being descriptive and at the same time evaluative from sequence to anther sequence in the story in which they support the design of each complicating action. CONCLUSION Analysing The Black Cat using Labovs Narrative Structure is my first attempt to show relations of formal narrative forms and the functions that they portray in the narrative to highlight intended criteria or to bring the certain feeling to real as the readers further reading the narratives.Poe had critically made perfect selection of adjectives, adverbials an d free clauses to bring the motive of terror and horror in the narrative. Furthermore, Poes plot development added much of the effect of shocking insanity to The Black Cat. To dream up such an intricate plot of perverseness, alcoholism, murders, fire, revival, and punishment is quite amazing. (www. 123helpme. com, 2010). The use of Orientation and Evaluation elements in his gothic story, has successfully promoted the feeling of fear and terrified. Poe had been descriptive in elaborating the physical and emotional state of the characters presented especially through the bias and unreliable narrator in the narrative. The evaluation made by the narrator from the eyes of an evil spirited murderer.Labovs model of narrative analysis seems to be very useful in my analysis to show the interconnectedness of the formal structure of the narrative and the sociological functions in the short story, The Black Cat. Through this method, I manage to point out the linguistic features exist in The Bl ack Cat in which beneficial for building up the narrative and sustaining the interest and mood of the readers. This technique would be very useful to be implemented in language classroom to promote the attitude of appreciating literature. Besides that the learning process will be more interactive and alive when both teachers and students critically engaged. The motivation to learn and to participate in the class may be essential among students when they see the relevance of the learning material since it reflects their daily lives.

Compare and Contrast the Marketing Strategies of Li Ning

English Language Centre Cover plane Draft X Course Work Submission Put an X in the box to interpret whether this is a draft or a credit-bearing coursework assignment Full Name (in pinyin) Yinqin Wang English Name (optional) ID fleck 1101133 Class (e. g. Y2_EEE_A1) Y2_BAD_A2 Programme Business Administration Module Code EAP105Assignment Title comparability and personal line of credit the foodstuffing strategies of Li Ning house servantally and globally Submission Deadline 22 October 2012 before 2000 EAP Tutors Name Jacqueline Banki Final Word Count 1057 I certify that * I have read and soundless the Universitys definitions of COLLUSION and PLAGIARISM (available on p. 31 of the current academician Student Handbook of Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University and in the 2011 ELC Student Handbook Appendix 2, 4, and 5).With reference to these definitions, I certify that * I have not colluded with any other student in the preparation and production of this work * this document has bee n written entirely by me and in my own words except where I have clearly indicated and acknowledged that I have quoted or used figures from published or unpublished sources (including the web) * where appropriate, I have provided an h superstarst narration of the contributions made to my work by other nation including technical and other support staff.I understand that unlicensed collusion and the incorporation of material from other works without acknowledgement (plagiarism) be serious disciplinary offences. By uploading my assignment onto ICE, I formally declare that all the above statements are true. Scoring For Teachers Use (teachers whitethorn change descriptor labels below as needed) bum Initials C O G V R Final Mark First red pen Second green pen Third (if needed) For Academic Office Use Other PenaltiesDate Received Days Late Late Penalty Marker Initials Format (Y/N) Plagiarism Code Collusion Code 1. 2. Compare and contrast the ma rketplaceing strategies of Li Ning home(prenominal)ally and world(prenominal)ly With Chinese economy developing rapidly recent years and the huge success of 2008 capital of Red china prodigiouss, Chinese sportswear market has emerged a blooming scene. Not totally the mighty foreign steels such as Nike and Adidas win the favor of Chinese people, which took 10. 5% and 7. % of mainland sportswear transactions respectively in 2011, the domestic brands such as Li Ning and Anta also occupy large market share ( chinaware Daily, 2012). Li Ning, the Chinese domestic sportswear brand which bears the work of renowned Chinese gymnastic athlete Li Ning, acts a leading role in Chinese sportswear market. Only secondly to Adidas, Li Ning possesses 7. 2% market share and keeps blow uping (China Daily, 2012). Not satisfied with its immense domestic happen uponment, Li Ning strives for more enormous stage and switches its target to international market since 2011.Notably, on the one hand, t he domestic marketing strategies of Li Ning, such as open up and streamlining legion(predicate) retail stores, are both(prenominal)how quite different from the international strategies like using e-commerce approach. On the other hand, the strategies domestically and internationally also share several similarities like attaching importance to branding. The emphasis of this canvas is to compare and contrasts the domestic and international marketing strategies of Li Ning. Although to many extent few of these strategies are alike, Li Ning has largely followed diverse approaches domestically and internationally.To begin with, there are some similarities between the market strategies of Li Ning domestically and internationally, such as investing more in branding to cultivate its long-term competitiveness. Specifically, both domestic and international strategies take steps to sponsor famed athletes or sports team to advertise the naughty quality and advanced functionality of its pro ducts, which aims to arrive at people hold a favorable impression of Li Ning. For instance, in 2012 capital of the United Kingdom Olympics, various oversea medal candidates like Spains basketball team were signed with Li Ning (Brandchannel, 2012).Also, Li Ning grasped Chinese top gold medal forecasts in multifarious sports events like ping niff and badminton, which includes Lin Dan and Wu Mingxia who enjoy the game popularity among Chinese people (Brandchannel, 2012). Especially, the athletes who are sponsored by Li Ning are inspired to tell Li Ning not solo by wearing its products. For example, immediately aft(prenominal) Lin Dan won the gold though the spectacular final game, the logo of Li Ning at the jersey of Lin was tugged to display a gesture of appreciations, which makes the centre of advertising cracking (Brandchannel, 2012).Furthermore, domestic strategies are also similar to international strategies in targeting young generations. Domestically, Li Ning replaced old logo and guideword to make the brand more abut to the generation born after 1990s as well as establishes impertinent sixth-generation stores which attracting young clients (China Daily, 2011). World widely, Li Ning also focuses on young people because they are unbiased to Chinese brands, accustomed to shopping online and generally spend so much time surfing the Internet, which opportunely corresponds to the e-commerce strategy of Li Ning (Ad Age, 2011).Although the domestic and international strategies share some similarities, they nevertheless employ fundamentally different approaches in a number of key areas, such as using different channel to sell products. In other words, the strategies domestically direct to sell inventories in the main in solid shops, whereas the international strategies prefer using e-commerce, event marketing and digital media. In detail, numerous retail shops spread all over China are owned by Li Ning.Also, confronted the cool Chinese economy in recen t times, in order to raise the efficiency of entity gross sales, the company adopts measures that streamlining the net profit of the retail stores and entering lower tiers cities to speed eliminating premium brands by merger and acquisition(China Daily, 2012). When it turns to worldwide, to shun retail channels, Li Ning established its appropriative e-commerce sites as the only passageway to its products and released a delicate teaser video smashedly on its Facebook page and twitter account (Voight, 2012).Also, microsites and events are relied to induce online buzz (Voight, 2012). In addition, the domestic and international strategies are dissimilar in the slogan and the controls they are intended to shape. Domestically, Li Ning created a rising slogan make the change to indicate that greatness is not undying, only changes can be perpetual, which not only nettles the slogan of Nike Live through your greatness, but also remodels the impression of Chinese people on Li Ning as a more high-end brand (Brandchannel, 2012).Internationally, the slogan straight out of new China demonstrates that its products leverage its rich Chinese culture and are diverse from the cheap, rough made-in-China goods as old information considered (Voight, 2012). Furthermore, with regards to new marketing segments need to be expanded, Li Ning focus on Children garment domestically sequence women market segment internationally. Cooperated with local children garment firm Paclantic to design more attractive children sports and leisure clothing, the tog could be sold in the franchised stores and affiliated shops of Li Ning in China (Wang, 2012).Nevertheless, the market segment of women who do not need intramuscular figures and desire equal positions with men are attached importance to by the international strategies of Li Ning (Warc, 2011). In summary, this essay has made comparisons and contrasts between the marketing strategies of Li Ning domestically and internationally. The dome stic strategies, like the international ones, have strong sponsor awareness and also aim to attract jr. generations.Despite that the international and domestic strategies have to some degree implemented similar strategies essentially approaches are pick out in crucial areas, such as using different slogans, selling products by different channels and expanding different market segments. Although the e-commerce method ingeniously avoids complex retail channels internationally and the notion to achieve long-term profits domestically seem to be reasonable, Li Ning may ot achieve so legion(predicate) profits as they expected, because its vague brand positioning might cause the confusion and misconstrue of domestic people and its international consumers may despise Li Ning for its imitative logo and slogan which have some resemblance to Nike and Adidas. It is suggested that Li Ning should slow down its expansion and invest more to raise the quality and make some instaurations instead o f having large inventories discounted as a result of expanding too fast. Also, to have explicit brand positioning is crucial.Nonetheless, as Li Ning keeps adjusting corresponded to the changing situation and creating new products, it is too early to definitively judge whether Li Ning will have a promising future. References list Ad Age (2011). Chinas Li-Ning Takes on Nike, Adidas With U. S. E-Commerce Site. onlineNew York Ad Age. obtainable from http//adage. com/article/cmo-interviews/china-s-li-ning-takes-nike-u-s-e-commerce-site/231642/. (Accessed 12 October 2012) Brandchannel (2012). London 2012 Success as Li-Ning Makes a Change in Olympics Strategy. online New York brandchannel. getable from http//www. randchannel. com/home/post/2012/08/13/London-2012-Li-Ning-081312. aspx. (Accessed 12 October 2012) China Daily (2011). Li Ning expects business to slow. online capital of Red China China Daily. Available from http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2011-01/18/content_11874065. h tm. (Accessed 12 October 2012) China Daily (2012). Chinas sportswear brands nurse Olympics hangover. online Beijing China Daily. Available from http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/londongames/2012-07/02/content_15542591. htm. (Accessed 12 October 2012) Voight, J. (2012). icon Is Lifeblood of Li-Nings New China Sneaker Launch. online Charlotte ClickZ. Available from http//www. clickz. com/clickz/news/2166538/video-lifeblood-li-nings-china-snea ker-launch. (Accessed 12 October 2012) Warc (2011). Li-Ning plans global push. online London Warc. Available from http//www. warc. com/Content/ intelligence activity/Li-Ning_plans_global_push. content? ID=e7907838-2cd7-4859-ae44-f1695abdbd52q. ( Accessed 12 October 2012) Wang, W. (2012). Li Ning rejoins race in childrens wear market. online Beijing China Daily. Available from http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-05/12/content_15276320. htm. (Accessed 12 October 2012)Compare and Contrast the Marketing Strategies of Li NingCompare an d contrast the marketing strategies of Li Ning domestically and internationally With the development of Chinese economy, sports industry has mother one of the new industries in china, which has large market size and high growth rate (Qinqin, n. d. ). In Chinese sports area, Li Ning brand, built by far-famed gymnast Li Ning (Enright, 2012), is the market leader and owns nearly 8000 hypostatic shops domestically (Zhang,2011). similar to some international famous brands like Nike and Adidas, Li Ning intends to enhance influence by exploring international market (Sauer, 2012).For this reason, the essay will compare and contrast the marketing strategies of Li Ning domestically and internationally. A close facet at the sources available, it seems that the topic could be seed from the internal aspect such as sales methods, promotion and the outdoor(a) aspect such as consumption concept and contest. The essay will compare and analyze Li Nings marketing strategies by the internal an d external aspects factors. From the internal perspective, there are both main sales strategies should be considered as follows sales methods and promotion.In regard to sales methods, Li Ning implements entity sales and e-commerce sales at home and abroad simultaneously (Anon, 2011a, Voight, 2012 and Zhang, 2011). Nevertheless, the focus of sales methods might be different considering the severalize name reputation domestically and internationally. Li Ning, named after chinas gold-medaling gymnast, is very famous in china, especially after the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing (Enright, 2012). As typical local brand with high name reputation, Li Ning chooses entity sales as its main way of sale domestically and there are almost 8000 hypostatic shops in china (Zhang, 2011).Whereas the name Li Ning perhaps unfamiliar in the West. For instance, the marketing firm tested the brand with U. S. customers and the result shows that brand awareness was almost 0% (Enright, 2012). Rather than see ing it as a bad thing, Li Ning sees it as a launch point to upgrade the brand image and win recognition from consumers (Zhang, 2011). What is why Li-Ning is planning to concentrate on the new online portal before go-ahead more brick-and-mortar stores in U. S. market (Anon, 2011a). In order to achieve more name reputation and higher(prenominal) sales, Li Ning fixes much attention n another sales strategy, promotion, as well. Both foreign and domestic, Li Ning has been paying much attention to Olympic Games and sports super stars (Anon, 2011b and Sauer, 2012). At home, since 1992 in Barcelona, Chinas Olympic terms have chosen Li Ning as a fixture and the brand still counts on gold-medal terms such as Chinese ping pong, shooting gymnastics and badminton teams (Anon, 2011b). Overseas, Li Ning was the 30th Olympic Games sponsorship in 2012 (Sauer, 2012) and invited NBA All-Star teams players to speak for it (Anon, 2011b).Moreover, according to different national culture, Li Ning even us ed different slogans to assembling to the nationalist fervor. For instance, where the word you was used by Nike in America, Li Ning chose the slogan we can domestically and the importation for international audience (Anon, 2011b). On the other hand, in external aspect, Li Ning has taken a serial of measures to deal with two social problems target groups and fierce competition (Anon, 2011a, Ranasinghe, 2012 and Zhang, 2011). With the rapid development of internationalization, various views on Chinese goods have been published.In china, instead of praising highly local brand, Chinese customers are worried about the Chinese sports brands store quality is not equal to the brands quantity (Zhang, 2011), preferring internationally famous brands like Nike and Adidas (Ranadinghe, 2012) and transforming the cost from sports to food and beverage (Ranasinghe, 2012). On abroad, although some older consumers usually think of China-made products as fakes or knockoffs, younger consumers do not see Chinese products as second-class or counterfeits (Enright, 2012).Regarding the situation, in recent years, Li Ning has been trying to make the brand more youthful and upmarket (Anon, 2011b). For the new strategy, Li Ning not only created a new logo and new slogans but also launched many new products with a better outlook and quality, which aimed to appeal to domestic and foreign younger generation (Zhang, 2011). Furthermore, Li Ning has managed to expand to different areas at home and internationally as well (Anon, 2011a, Anon 2011b and Wen, 2012).In view of Chinas family planning policy, Li Ning has rejoined the battle of childrens garments by cooperated with another company in Tianjin (Wen, 2012). In favor of the case that many foreign customers have great curiosity about eastern culture (Voight, 2012) Li Ning puts brand international feeling over oriental theme (Zhang, 2012). For example, in March 2012, Li Ning promoted a pair of mens basketball shoes with the Chinese dragon pattern which was a throttle edition on Facebook, and then the tremendous crowds to Li Nings website led it to collapse (Voight, 2012).In addition, Women have become another one of the main target groups of Li Ning overseas (Anon, 2011a). Next, the second problem Li Ning is set about is the large-scale competition with local brands and international brands domestically and internationally (Anon, 2011a et al). The fierce competition not only has it been forced to scale back its plans for world domination, but it also now finds itself at risk in its home market against domestic rivals like Peak and 361, but also with global heavy hitters Nike and Adidas (Sauer, 2012).The contrast is that language might be the main barrier Li Ning needs to face in international market (Zhang, 2012). With a view to the situation, on the one hand, Li Ning decided to slow the pace of new openings and close some inefficient stores to curtail expense and store energy (Ranasinghe, 2012) on the other hand , Li Ning would enter the second-tier cities to achieve next phase of growth (Anon, 2012). To sum up, in internal aspect, Li Ning chooses both entity sales and e-commerce sales at home and abroad. Different focuses are determined due to large name reputation difference.To achieve more popularity, Li Ning focuses on Olympic Games and sports super stars with different slogans. Furthermore, in external aspect, facing the customers different consumption views on Chinese brands domestically and internationally, Li Ning transforms its attention to younger people and set new different target groups both domestic and foreign. Li Ning has been facing increased competition with global names and local rivals, and what is why Li Ning determines to slow the pace of new openings and enter the second-tier cities.In future, Li Ning could make greater breakthrough by implementing brand strategy, constructing international brand image, developing technology innovation and improving enterprises core c ompetitiveness (Zhang, 2012). References Anon. (2011a) Li-Ning plans global push online London Warc. Available from http//www. warc. com/Content/News/Li-Ning_plans_global_push. content? ID=e7907838-2cd7-4859-ae44-f1695abdbd52= (Accessed 3 October 2012). Anon. (2011b) Chinas Li-Ning Takes on Nike, Adidas With U.S. E-Commerce Site online New York Ad Age. 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Sauer, A. 2012) London 2012 Success as Li-Ning Makes a Change in Olympics Strategy online London Brandchannel. Available from http//www. warc. com/Content/News/Li Ning_plans_global_push. content? ID=e7907838-2cd7-4859-ae44-f1695abdbd52= (Accessed 3 October 2012). Voight, J. (2012) Video Is Lifeblood of Li-Nings New China Sneaker Launch online New York Clickz. Available from http//www. clickz. com/clickz/news/2166538/video-lifeblood-li-nings-china-sneaker-launch (Accessed 3 October 2012). Wen, W. 2012) Li Ning rejoins race in childrens wear market online China Chinadaily. Available from http//www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-05/12/content_15276320. htm (Accessed 3 October 2012). Zhang, D. (2011) Li-Ning sportswear looks to win overseas online London BBC. Available from http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-12665597 (Accessed 3 October 2012). Zhang, X. (2012) Marketing Plan for Li-Ning Product Expansion in UK, shoot the breeze Notes in Information Technology, Vol(14), Wuhan, China Dept. of Sports Economics & Management, Wuhan Inst. of P. E.